[PDF] Best Data Structure Boook of C Programming-Reema Therja

What Is C Programming?

C is a general-purpose, procedural computer programming language supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope, and recursion, with a static type system. By design, C provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions. It has found lasting use in applications previously coded in assembly language. Such applications include operating systems and various application software for computer architectures that range from supercomputers to PLCs and embedded systems. C was designed by Dennis Ritchie while at Bell Labs in the late 1970s.

 

History

 In 1969, a group of researchers from Bell Labs, led by Dennis Ritchie, was looking for a programming language that would be suitable for software development, as many Bell Labs employees were moving to the new microelectronics industry and C was one of the first language choices. Although Bell Labs had a team of researchers who had worked on programs in Fortran, the group felt that Fortran, the reigning high-level language at the time, did not have the flexibility needed for the new microelectronics work being done. It also was very expensive, and not widely used at the time. C was the first high-level language designed specifically for high-level software development at a company large enough to have its own compiler. The name "C" comes from the "Compatibility Circuit", which is the input/output system that Bell Labs was developing. Its designers thought the name was a good way to remind people what they were creating and did not wish to name it after a particular designer, as this would make the language similar to a hobbyist's project.

 The C programming language influenced the languages C++ and Java.

 

Development

 As Bell Labs was researching compilers at the time, C and other languages that had already been designed were used in their compiler. This meant that all users had to learn the same language, and became even more of a burden when they ran into subtle bugs. In contrast, C was a statically typed language that automatically generated types and other compiler artefacts, making the introduction of bugs to the compiler far less likely. C's efficiency, portability, simplicity, and type safety encouraged its widespread adoption for this purpose. Its flexibility also meant that Bell Labs was able to develop many compilers for a range of different architectures, and sometimes even different processors within a single processor.

 

The development team working on C had many prominent engineers on its staff, including Bob Martin, Robert Morris, Dennis Ritchie, Pat Crowley, and Richard Gregory.

 

Interface

 There was no C interface until 1976, and it was not until 1980 that the original standard C header file was released as a common tool. The original C standard does not contain type information. This was due to the rules and conventions of early assemblers and cross-assemblers, which had limited the documentation that could be attached to an executable. Later on, however, the semantics of C came to be more consistent with those of modern compilers, such as the C++ standard, which allow types to be specified directly. This function (called the "ICU") is incorporated into C++ and is supported natively by many operating systems, such as IBM's OS/2. Because C relies on type information, this can cause some applications that call into C to be unstable.[citation needed]

 

Style

 The C language is notable for its simplicity and lack of syntax and structure that are normally found in programming languages; most of C's core constructs have only one or two forms, often with extensions to support hierarchical abstractions. Unlike most languages, the C language does not use indentation to mark statements as they are completed; rather, indentation is used to show the relationships between statements.[citation needed] C does have the statement+literal string literals, which provide explicit grouping and visibility for strings.

 

A notable feature of the language is its inherent null-safety, which makes it immune to the null pointer crash that would have destroyed Unix in its original implementation.[citation needed] As an example of the way this is achieved, consider the C function

 

int s = ( char ) ( 1 );

 

The void C function does nothing, and in C-style direct-memory-accesses, the return value is never checked for null. However, as a practical matter, the function has been interpreted to assign 1 to the function parameter s, and so this return value is of no significance. Thus, this simple function cannot fail to execute, even if s is NULL.

 

Declarations are distinguished from expressions in the following ways:

 

Declarations have terminators; the "+" character terminates statements. Expressions do not have terminators.

 

Corresponding type declarations

 

For example: struct Point { x : int , y : int }; int i , j ; struct Point { x : int , y : int }; struct Point { x : int , y : int , x * y };

 

Except for the "&" operator, as expressions, this code

What Is Data Structure In C

Data Structures in C are used to store data in an organised and efficient manner. The C Programming language has many data structures like an array, stack, queue, linked list, tree, etc. A programmer selects an appropriate data structure and uses it according to their convenience. The benefits of using data structures are better performance and compactness of the program code.

 C permits for making the simple/routine calls, as well as the more complex calls on a particular data structure. A programmer can place all calls on a stack for use when needed. When the call is finished, the caller executes the return value on the stack and pops the return value to the caller. If the call is a routine call, then it should pop the first two parameters from the stack, and return the return value. For example, printf() and int(x) might be an example of a routine call, and std::mem::ptr_len might be an example of a complex call.

 

In the following example, a user using the struct foo{}:

 struct foo{ bar1, bar2, bar3, baz };

 Print the number of items in the bar struct with the function int():

 int count1; int count2; int count3; foo foo1, foo2, foo3, foo4;

 The int function returns the number of items in the bar struct:

 count1 + count2 + count3;

 C++ can be implemented in the C programming language. To create a struct or class using a C header file, one of the steps is to make a function which is called “begin*”, and expects a single parameter, called a constructor function. For example, to create a struct or class from the template code:

 

// a simple struct in C struct Foo { int a; Bar[] bar[100]; }; // create a struct in C++ struct Foo { int a; class { int foo(int a); } };

 

Both C and C++ are a variant of C. A C++ implementation contains no copies of the same struct, and the function created with begin* should not be called by the compiler with two identical parameters.


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